Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports - 527 Words

The use of performance-enhancing steroids in sports is forming a problem. The sports that they play end up being cheated by these frauds. This is a disgusting epidemic. For example, â€Å"The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recently estimated that over half of a million 8th through 10th grade students are abusing AAS, and that many high school seniors do not believe their use constitutes a health risk† (steroidabuse.com). The problem exists in professional sports and below. Steroid use in sports is becoming more common and is dangerous to the games that it cheats. Primarily, steroids are a kind of medical aid that have turned into a problem in professional sports. â€Å"In the professional ranks these drugs are often abused in order to gain a competitive edge on other athletes, and to help recover more quickly from training sessions and injury† (steroidabuse.com). These add muscle and, as an example for baseball players, assist in hitting the long ball. Performance-enhancing steroids are used normally by men at the middle age and younger. To elaborate, â€Å"Males between the ages of 19 and 40 are the most common abusers of AAS† (steroidabuse.com). This age of adults are the common users because from the age of 19 to 40, they are still able to compete at their best. To add, â€Å"In another study NIDA found that 1,084,000 Americans, or 0.5% of the adult population, admitted to using AAS† (steroidabuse.com). This use has quickly increased in the last couple decades especially.Show MoreRelatedPerformance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports1078 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Performance-enhancing drugs in sports: A literature review A number of prominent athletes have recently experienced a fall from grace, because of the revelation that they used performance-enhancing drugs. Perhaps the most famous example of this phenomenon is Lance Armstrong. In an advertisement for Nike that his former sponsor now no doubt regrets, Armstrong is shown asking the viewer what am I on? Im on my bike, busting my ass six hours a day. Professional cycling is often cited as one ofRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports1227 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Sport records are becoming harder   to break and seeing records are starting to become a thing of the past.. Players aren’t being able to hit these home runs or score long touchdown’s. Injured   players are getting kicked off the team or even quit because they can’t get to their peak performance that they were at before they got injured.   If more players were to use performance enhancing drugs they would be able to compete to the performance of past players. A performanceRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports A tremendously large problem in sports is whether or not athletes should be able to use performance enhancing drugs. To most people, it doesn t make any sense for athletes to be using them. They have to know what affect it has on their body not only physically, but also mentally. Around the early 2000’s is when all this starting coming up and it has made a dramatic impact on the sports world. The few people who want performance-enhancing drugs in sports don’tRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1686 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Athletes use performance enhancing drugs to boost their game. The professionals who use these drugs are ruining the integrity of the game. Many people don’t understand why professional athletes would go to such extreme measures to be better when they have already proven themselves. Athletes are just taking away from their natural ability by using these dangerous drugs. The risk of using performance enhancing drugs is a lot greater than the reward, because anRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe growth and use of performance enhancing drugs makes them no longer a taboo subject among professional athletes, and is starting to become in fact rampant among athletes. There appears to be no end in sight when leagues like the NFL and NCAA have weak testing programs. Traditional locker rooms in the NFL have a few steroid users and have many HGH abusers due to the NFL’s weak testing programs. HGH has become a rampant issue for the NFL, because it allows the average NFL player to gain an edgeRead MorePerformance Of Sports And Performance Enhancing Drugs2051 Words   |  9 PagesPerformance Enhancers in Elite Sports Performance enhancing drugs are as old as sports themselves. Even the ancient athlete that competed in some of the first Olympic Games were know to use substances to boost their performance. It is on record that â€Å"Olympian Thomas Hicks won the marathon after receiving an injection of strychnine during the race in the third Olympiad†. (Savulescu, 1) It wasn’t until the 70’s that athletes began being tested for performance enhancing drugs and they became bannedRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Professional Sports1703 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use of performance enhancing drugs. The debate on whether or not performance enhancing substances should be allowed in professional sports has been going on for years, decades even. Many believe that using steroids and other performance enhancers should automatically disqualify an athlete from ever being able to be a member of the Hall of Fame, in sports in general, not just in Major League Baseball. However, there is an argument to be made to make the use of performance enhancing drugs legal inRead More Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports In all areas of sports, professional, college, and even high school, there is widespread illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. Although there are many reasons for athletes to choose to use these drugs, the cost of such use, both to the athlete and to society can be extraordinarily high. It is important to understand why performance-enhancing drugs are used and what are the consequences of their use to the athlete and society. One of theRead MoreSports and Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance enhancing drugs in todays pro sports have become a big deal, because of health stimulants and the benefits that such studies have on good development of the person and on fair athletic games. Pediatricians or trainers can play a huge role in helping the athlete or player that is using or taking performance enhancing drugs. By taking factual info about the true benefits and medical problems of these drugs and giving information about healthy food and working out. Tries to create a changeRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Sports Today1476 Words   |  6 PagesResearch, period 3 December 15, 2013 Performance Enhancing Drugs In Sports Today Performance enhancing drugs, or steroids, have long been in the lifestyle of athletes. Many famous athletes like Barry Bonds, Alex Rodriguez, Marion Jones and Lance Armstrong have all confessed to the use of steroids. Celebrities like actor Charlie Sheen and ex Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, have also admitted to using steroids in the past. Performance enhancing drugs are a dangerous form of medicine

Comparison of the Salem Witch Projects Essay - 1284 Words

The reason why these two documents were chosen was because of my beliefs in witches, and my interest in the contradiction between good versus evil. Also, another reason why this subject was chosen was because I have study the Salem witch trials back in high school, so I already knew something about the subject matter. The theme that connects both â€Å"Insufficiency of Evidence Against Witches† and â€Å"Wonder of the Invisible World† is that both Increase and Cotton Mather were both puritan ministers that participated in the Salem witch trials. In addition, both father and son had different views on how the trials should be handled. The author of â€Å"Insufficiency of Evidence Against Witches† was Increase Mather. The purpose of writing this†¦show more content†¦And so it is here; for if a witch cannot be drowned, thus must proceed either from some natural cause, which it doth not, for it is against nature for human bodies, when hands and feet are tied , not to sink under the water† (pg. 2). The third major idea the author states in the document is if the jurors have sufficient evidence to convict an individual for witchery then he or she must be prosecuted; if not, the individual has all the right to continue living there lives as it was until further evidence is recognized. â€Å"These things being premised, I answer the question affirmatively: There are proofs for the conviction of witches which jurors may with a safe conscience proceed upon so as to bring them in guilty. The scripture which saith, ‘Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,’ clearly implies that some in the world may be known and proved to be witches. For until they be so, they may and must be suffered to live† (pg.4). The author of â€Å"Wonders of the Invisible World† was Cotton Mather. The purpose of the author in writing this document was to convince villagers that there were evil spirits from the devil causing a person to be p ossessed which was confused with witchery. The intended group of audience at the time was the puritan society that was overwhelmed by the spread of the devil and witchcraft. The first major point the author discusses in the document is that the devil was upset that people living on this land that onceShow MoreRelatedThe Devil Visited Salem Witch Trials1597 Words   |  7 Pagesvisited Salem in 1692, or did he? Nicholas Hytner’s The Crucible depicts the 1692 witchcraft epidemic in Salem, Massachusetts. The film was adapted from a play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The film’s producers, Robert A. Miller and David V. Picker, released the film along with Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation in 1996. The film focuses on one female resident of Salem and her revenge against her ex-lover. The revengeful girl and her group of friends begin to accuse other members of Salem whenRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1064 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle McCarthyism. It project s the same sickening goose chase that ruins the lives of harmless people. Abigail is the ultimate icon of the mockery that is the Salem witch trials. Her â€Å"encounters† with demons in the courtroom are borderline comedic. The puritans justify all decisions with the argument that all drastic measures are necessary to remove the demons within the townspeople, for the greater good. The concept of religion is obviously critical to the people of Salem, so it comes as no surpriseRead MoreSalem vs McCarthyism Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pageshappened with the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. One might also say that this could never happen in modern times. That is where they would be wrong. This scenario just presented not only perfectly describes the Salem Witch Trials, but it also perfectly describes the Red Scare of the 1950s and the practice of McCarthyism that went on during it. I’d like to take a look at the parallels between the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism of the 1950s. Let’s begin with the famous Salem Witch trials of 1692.Read MoreHow to Construct Research Question1149 Words   |  5 Pagestopic and the following â€Å"Treatment of the topic† section gives guidance on defining and narrowing it.  · â€Å"Causes of the collapse of the Mayan civilization† is better than â€Å"The Mayan civilization†.  · â€Å"Varying interpretations of the Salem witch trials† is better than â€Å"Witch trials in North America†.  · â€Å"Use of the visual arts in fascist propaganda† is better than â€Å"Fascist propaganda†.  · â€Å"Stalin’s use of the party machine and terror† is better than â€Å"The Soviet Union under Stalin†.  · â€Å"The role of theRead MoreEssay about Arthur Miller1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe University of Michigan where he began his study of journalism. During his years there he won several awards for his playwriting. In 1938, after earning a degree in English, Miller returned to New York. There, he joined the Federal Theatre Project, and wrote scripts for such radio programs as Columbia Workshop (CBS) and Cavalcade of America (NBC). Arthurs personal life also progressed in 1940 when he married Mary Slattery with whom he later had two children. Because of a football injury,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Rip Van Winkle 1527 Words   |  7 Pageselements of the narrative are most obvious when Gothic elements begin to creep in. As Rip hears his name echoing in the woods, but can â€Å"see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain,† Irving tugs gently on the thread of the Salem trials, suggesting that the supernatural is afoot in the woods. The crow sighting is not incidental here, either, as Crow or Raven would signal the onset of a trickster narrative in oral literature. Irving nudges readers toward the mythical readingRead MoreEssay on Magic and Superstition in th e Middle Ages3515 Words   |  15 PagesAges, pagans continued to exist controversially with the Christian Church. However, pagans distinguished the works of Jesus Christ himself as magic all the same, for instance Jesus turning water to wine, performing miracles, and walking on water. Comparisons were being drawn between paganism and Christianity; nonetheless, Christians held to the faith that their rituals and practices were the only acceptations. An example of this impartiality was that, the pagan ritual carried out to bring good weatherRead More Too Many Religions, Not Enough Truth Essay2557 Words   |  11 Pagescould. The Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants in the 1600s brought death and misery across Europe. Hangings and chopping off limbs and heads became commonly watched events. Early settlers in the new world followed suit. The Salem witch trials in Salem Village, Massachusetts, modern-day Danvers, in the late 1600s were horrendous. Colonists who were convicted of witchcraft and heresy were tortured until they repented or were sent out of the community to survive in the wilderness on theirRead MoreWendigo: Cannibalism in Native American Folklore3259 Words   |  14 Pagesalarming symptoms; and the Indians, apprehensive that he would prey on these children, resolved on putting him to death (Brightman 348).† The tribe was so scared of the unnaturalness of the man’s actions that they had him killed. Not unlike the Salem Witch Trials, those suspected of being a Wendigo were given little or no chance to defend themselves. They were immediately outcast from the group and treated like they were infected with some sort of disease. In many cases, acts of cannibalism wereRead More A fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal: Does physical appearance of a defendant influence juridical judgement?2885 Words   |  12 Pagessystem, maybe it is this that could explain that people were more likely to place a lesser sentence on those in the manslaughter case. But this might not be the only reason for this difference, as the unattractive manslaughter-unattractive theft comparison did not yield significant results. As Baldwin and McConville (1979) pointed out that juries easily fall victim to stereotypes, manipulation and outside influences and fails in almost all of its goals, the results found here, and previous research

American Spirit Edition Chapter Outline free essay sample

Many of the Scots-Irish reached America and became squatters, quarreling with both Indians and white landowners. * They seemed to try to move as far from Britain as possible, trickling down to Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. * In 1764, the Scots-Irish led the armed march of the Pastor Boys. The Pastors led a march on Philadelphia to protest the Quaker peaceful treatment of the Indians. They later started the North Carolina Regulator movement in the hills and mountains of the colony, aimed against domination by eastern powers in the colony. * They were known to be very hot- added and Independent minded. Many eventually became American revolutionists. 4. About 5% of the multistoried population consisted of other European groups, like French Hugeness, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 5. Americans were of all races and mixed bloods, so it was no wonder that other races from other countries had a hard time classifying them. Ill. The Structure of the Colonial Society 1 . In contrast to contemporary Europe, America was a land of opportunity. Anyone who was willing to work hard could possibly go from rags to riches, and poverty was scorned.Class differences did emerge, as a small group of aristocrats (made up of the rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen) had much of the power. 2. Also, armed conflicts in the asses and asses enriched a number of merchants in the New England and middle colonies. 3. War also created many widows and orphans who eventually had to turn to charity. 4. In the South, a firm social pyramid emerged containing * The Immensely rich plantation owners (planters) had many slaves (though these were few). * Yeoman farmers, or 1 OFF who owned no land and either worked for a landowner or rented land to farm.Indentured servants of America were the paupers and the criminals sent to the New World. Some of them were actually unfortunate victims of Britains unfair laws and did become respectable citizens. This group was dwindling though by the asses, thanks to Bacons Rebellion and the move away from indentured servant labor and toward slavery. * Black slaves were at the bottom of the social ladder with no rights or hopes up moving up or even gaining freedom. Slavery became a divisive issue because some colonies didnt want slaves while others needed them, and therefore vetoed any bill banning the importation of slaves.IV. Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists 1 . The most honored profession in the colonial times was the clergy (priests), which in 1775, had less power than before during the height of the Bible Commonwealth, but still wielded a great amount of authority. 2. Physicians were not highly esteemed and many of them were bad as medical practices were archaic. Bleeding was often a favorite, and deadly, solution to illnesses. * Plagues were a nightmare. * Smallpox (afflicting 1 of 5 persons, including George Washington) was rampant, though a crude form of inoculation for it was introduced in 1721.Some of the clergy and doctors didnt like the inoculation though, preferring not to tamper with the will of God. 3. At first, lawyers werent liked, being regarded as noisy scumbags. * Criminals often represented themselves in court. * By 1750, lawyers were recognized as useful, and many defended high-profile cases, were great orators and played important roles in the history of America. V. Workaday America 1 . Agriculture was the leading industry (by a huge margin), since farmers could seem to grow anything. * In Maryland and Virginia, tobacco was the staple crop, ND by 1759, New York was exporting 80,000 barrels of flour a year. . Fishing could be rewarding, though not as much as farming, and it was pursued in all the American colonies especially in New England. 3. Trading was also a popular and prevalent industry, as commerce occurred all around the colonies. * The triangular trade was common: a ship, for example, would leave (1) New England with rum and go to the (2) Gold Coast of Africa and trade it for African slaves. Then, it would go to the (3) West Indies and exchange the slaves for molasses (for rum), which itd sell to New England once it returned there. 4. Manufacturing was not as important, though many small enterprises existed. . Strong-backed laborers and skilled craftspeople were scarce and highly prized. 6. Perhaps the single most important manufacturing activity was lumbering. * Britain sometimes marked the tallest trees for its navys masts, and colonists resented that, even though there were countless other good trees in the area and the marked tree was going toward a common defense (it was the principle of Britain-first that was detested). 7. In 1733, Parliament passed the Molasses Act, which, if successful, would have struck a crippling blow to American international trade by hindering its trade with the French West Indies. The result was disagreement, and colonists got around the act through smuggling. VI. Horsepower and Sallower * It took a young Benjamin Franklin 9 days to get from Boston to Philadelphia. 2. Roads were so bad that they were dangerous. * People who would venture these roads would often sign wills and pray with family members before embarking. * As a result, towns seemed to cluster around slow, navigable water sources, like gentle rivers, or by the ocean. 3. Taverns and bars sprang up to serve weary travelers and were great places of gossip and news. An inter-colonial mail system was set up in the mid-asses, but mailmen often passed time by reading private letters, since there was nothing else to do. VI. Dominant Denominations 1 . Two established churches (tax-supported) by 1775 were the Anglican and the Congregational. 2. A great majority of people didnt worship in churches. 3. The Church of England (the Anglican Church) was official in Georgia, both Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of New York. * Anglican sermons were shorter, its descriptions of hell were less frightening, and amusements were less scorned.For Anglicans, not having a resident bishop proved to be a problem for unrefined * So, William and Mary was founded in 1693 to train young young ministers. Clergy members. 4. The Congregational church had grown from the Puritan church, and it was established in all the New England colonies except for Rhode Island. There was worry by the late asses that people werent devout enough. VIII. The Great Awakening 1 . Due to less religious fervor than before, and worry that so many people would not be saved, the stage was set for a revival, which occurred, and became the First Great Awakening. . Jonathan Edwards was a preacher with fiery preaching methods, emotionally moving many listeners to tears while talking of the eternal damnation that nonbelievers would face after death. * He began preaching in 1734, and his methods sparked debate among his peers. * Most famous sermon was Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, describing a man dangling a spider over a blazing fire, able to drop the spider in at any time Just as God could do to man. * His famous metaphor: The road to hell is paved with the skulls of uninhabited children. 3. George Whitfield was even better than Edwards when he started four ears later. * An orator of rare gifts, he even made Jonathan Edwards weep and persuaded always skeptical Ben Franklin to empty his pockets into the collection plate. * Imitators copied his emotional shaking sermons and his heaping of blame on sinners. 4. These new preachers were met with skepticism by the old lights, or the orthodox clergymen. 5. However, the Great Awakening led to the founding of new light centers like Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth. . The Great Awakening was the first religious experience shared by all Americans as a group. X. Schools and Colleges 1 . Education was most important in New England, where it was used to train young future clergymen. * In other parts of America, farm labor used up most of the time that would have been spent in school. However, there were fairly adequate primary and secondary schools in areas other than New England. The only problem was that only well-to-do children could afford to attend. 2. In a gloomy and grim atmosphere, colonial schools put most of the emphasis on religion and on the severe, such as a child being cut by a limb from a birch tree. 3. Also, at least in New England, college education was regarded more important than the Abss. . Eventually, some change was made with emphasis of curriculum change from dead languages to live ones, and Ben Franklin helped by launching the school that would become the University of Pennsylvania. X. A Provincial Culture 1 . Though there was little time for recreation (due to farm work, fear of Indians, etc , the little free time that was there was used on religion, not art. 2. Painters were frowned upon as pursuing a worthless pastime. * John Truthful of Connecticut was discouraged, as a youth, by his father. * Charles Wilson Peal, best know for his portraits of George Washington, also ran a museum, stuffed birds, ND practiced dentistry in addition to his art. * Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley had to go to England to complete their ambitious careers. 3. Architecture was largely imported from the Old World and modified to meet American needs.The log cabin was borrowed from Sweden. * The classical, red-bricked Georgian style of architecture was introduced about 1720. 4. Colonial literature was also generally undistinguished. * However, a slave girl, Phillips Whitley, who had never been formally educated, did go to Britain and publish a book of verse and subsequently wrote other polished poems that valued the influence of Alexander Pope. * Ben Franklins Poor Richards Almanacs was very influential, containing many common sayings and phrases, and was more widely read in America and Europe than anything but for the Bible.Ben Franklins experiments with science, and his sheer power of observation, also helped advance science. X. Pioneer Presses 1 . Few libraries were found in early America, and few Americans were rich enough to buy books. 2. On the eve of the revolution, many hand-operated presses cranked out leaflets, pamphlets, and Journals signed with pseudonyms. 3. In one famous ease, John Peter Zinger, a New York newspaper printer, was taken to court and charged with seditious libel (writing in a malicious manner against someone).The Judge urged the Jury to consider that the mere fact of publishing was a crime, no matter whether the content was derogatory or not. * Zinger won after his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, excellently defended his case. * The importance?freedom of the press scored a huge early victory in this case. XII. The Great Game of Politics 1. By 1775, eight of the colonies had royal governors who were appointed by the king. 2. Three had governors chosen by proprietors. . Practically every colony utilized a two-house legislative body. * The upper house was appointed by royal officials or proprietors. The lower house was elected by the people. 4. Self-taxation with representation came to be a cherished privilege that Americans came to value above most other rights. 5. Most governors did a good Job, but some were Just plain corrupt. * I. E. , Lord Coronary, first cousin of Queen Anne, was made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702, but proved to be a drunkard, a spendthrift, a grafter, and embezzler, a religious bigot, a cross-dresser, and a vain fool. 6. The right to vote was not available to Just anyone, Just white male landowners only. However, the ease of acquiring land to hard workers made Folkways 1 . Americans had many hardships, as many basic amenities that we have today were not available. * Churches werent heated at all. * Running water or plumbing in houses was nonexistent. * Garbage disposal was primitive at best. 2. Yet, amusement was permitted, and people often worked/partied during house- raising, barn-raising, apple-parings, quilting bees, husking bees, and other merrymaking. 3. In the South, card playing, horse racing, cockfighting, and fox uniting were fun. 4.

Superfluids Essays - Condensed Matter Physics, Phases Of Matter

Superfluids "As we shall see, it is generally believed that the phenomenon of superfluidity is directly connected with the fact that the atoms of helium-4 obey Bose statistics, and that the lambda-transition is due to the onset of the peculiar phenomenon called Bose condensation." (Leggett, 1989) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION This is the phenomenon wherein the bosons (a type of particle) making up a substance merge into the lowest energy level, into a shared quantum state. In general, it refers to the tendancy of bosons to occupy the same state. This state, formed when a gas undergoes Bose-Einstein condensation, is called a "Bose-Einstein condensate." The distinguishing feature of Bose-Einstein condensates is that the many parts that make up the ordered system not only behave as a whole, they become whole. Their identities merge or overlap in such a way that they lose their individuality entirely. A good analogy would be the many voices of a choir, merging to become 'one voice' at certain levels of harmony. HISTORY The phenomenon of superfluidity was discovered in 1937 by a Russian physicist, Peter Kapitza, and then studied independently in 1938 by John Frank Allen, a British physicist, and his coworkers. It wasn't until the 1970's however, that the useful properties of superfluids were discovered. Thanks to the work of David Lee, Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson at Cornell University, we have gained valuable information on the effects and uses of superfluids. These three scientists jointly received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1996 for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. It took a while, however, before they actually figured out what this phase in helium was. Superfluidity in helium-3 first manifested itself as small anomalies in the melting curve of solid helium-3 (small structures in the curve of pressure vs. time). Normally, small deviations, like this one, are usually considered to be peculiarities of the equipment, but the three physicists were convinced that there was a real effect. They weren't looking for superfluidity in particular, but rather an antiferromagnetic phase in solid helium-3. According to their predictions, this phase appeared to occur at a temperature below 2mK. In their first publication in 1972, they interpreted this effect as a phase transition. They did not completely agree with this hypothesis, but by further developing their technique they could, just a few months later, pinpoint the effect. They found there were actually two phase transitions in the liquid phase, one at 2.7mK and the second at 1.8mK. This discovery became the starting point of intense activity among low temperature physicists. The experimental and theoretical developments went hand-in-hand in an unusually fruitful way. The field was rapidly mapped out, but fundamental discoveries are still being made. SUPERFLUID HELIUM Superfluidity is a state of matter characterized by the complete absence of viscosity, or resistance to flow. This term is used primarily when involving liquid helium at very low temperatures. It was found that liquid helium (4He), when cooled below 2.17K (-271O C or -456 O F, could flow with no difficulty through extremely small holes, which liquid helium at a higher temperature cannot do. It was also noted that the walls of its container were somehow coated with a thin film of helium (approximately 100 atoms thick). This film flowed against gravity up and over the rim of the container This temperature of 2.17K is called the lambda ( ) point because the graph of the specific heat of liquid helium exhibits a lamda-shaped maximum at that temperature. Under normal pressure, helium will liquefy at a temperature of 4.2K. As the temperature is still lowered, helium behaves as a normal liquid until it reaches the lamda point. Before reaching the lamda point, it can be called helium I. Helium II refers to the liquid state of helium below the lamda point. Superfluidity is found in helium II but it has limited uses. When the temperature is dropped still lower, it was found that the stable isotope helium-3 is formed. This liquid exhibits superfluid characteristics, but only at temperatures lower than 0.0025 K. Nuclei of helium-3 contain two protons and one neutron, rather than the two protons and two neutrons found in the more common isotope, helium-4. Superfluid helium-4 forms at approximately 2.17 K. This superfluid moves without friction, squeezes through impossibly small holes, and it can even flow uphill. Superfluid helium-3 can do all these things, however not so spectacularly. The weird thing about helium-3 is that it can have different properties in different directions, similar to the well-defined grain in a piece of wood. The difference between helium-3 and helium-4 is